Gambusia holbrooki

\"Gambusia holbrooki compete for food and space with native fish. They exhibit aggressive behaviour such as fin-nipping that can result in injury and death to fish and tadpoles.\"; \"Gambusia holbrooki, has been demonstrated to exert impacts on these two endemic toothcarp species, as well as to the critically-endangered Corfu toothcarp Valencia letourneuxi, which is endemic to Western Greece and Southern Albania, and likely to be suffering both competition and predation pressure from G. holbrooki (Kalogianni et al. 2014).\"

\"Gambusia holbrooki predate on amphibian eggs; and predate and compete with tadpoles, resulting in injury or death to individuals.\"; \"Evidence from the Mediterranean biogeographic region, and specifically Iberian indicates that small, endemic fish species are endangered (risk of localised extinctions) due to G. holbrooki introductions/presence (e.g. Caiola & de Sostoa 2005; Silva et al. 2015; Zogaris 2014, 2017)\"

Other impacts include increased turbidity, dissolved organic phosphorus and temperature, decreased dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and inhibition of Spirogyra (Hurlbert et al. 1972).

\"Evidence of adverse impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services is available for various locations in the world where G. holbrooki has been introduced (e.g. Lloyd et al. 1986). For example, Rowe et al. (2008) stated that “…Gambusia is clearly responsible for a reduction in indigenous fauna including some rare and threatened fish and amphibian species.”; \"G. holbrooki has also been found to reduce rotifer, crustacean and insect populations, permitting the extraordinary development of phytoplankton blooms.\"

This species has been responsible or partially responsible for negative impacts, including extirpation, on Threatened and Endangered species.

Não encontrei evidências para irreversibilidade da extinção local