Salvelinus fontinalis

Brook trout have been found to compete with, displace, or replace many fish species throughout the world including golden trout (Oncorhynchus aguabonita), brown trout (Salmo trutta), Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri), Colorado River Basin cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus), westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisii), greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki stomias), and Lohantan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi), bull trout (see Salvelinus confluentus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), and chinook trout (Oncorhynchus tshawytsch).

Introductions of invasive Salvelinus fontinalis as the result of angling and aquaculture have facilitated a severe impact on native systems throughout the world. [...] predation and population reduction of amphibians to the point of endangerment.

\"Introductions of invasive Salvelinus fontinalis as the result of angling and aquaculture have facilitated a severe impact on native systems throughout the world. Impacts include the severely threatening replacement and displacement of, as well as, competition and hybridization with native fishes [...]\"; \"Hybridizations with brown trout (Salmo trutta), Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma), and threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) have been recorded.\"

Introductions of invasive Salvelinus fontinalis as the result of angling and aquaculture have facilitated a severe impact on native systems throughout the world. [...] and top down cascading trophic interactions resulting in modifications of benthic zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and algal communities.

Studies from North America on the effects of introductions of S. fontinalis into waters where it is not native have shown impacts such as decline of native salmonid species. Species that have been replaced or negatively impacted include strains of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), golden trout (O. aguabonita), and bull trout (S. confluentus).

\"In France, introductions have resulted in a significant reduction of amphibians in the lakes of Hautes-Pyrenees (Delacoste et al., 1997). In Spain, S. fontinalis predation on the native newt species Triturus helveticus, T. alpestris and T. marmoratus has resulted in a significant reduction in their distributions in northern Spain (Orizoala and Brana, 2006).\"; \"Finally, many introductions of Salvelinus fontinalis were to previously fishless lakes which resulted in a dramatic reduction of many threatened, even endangered amphibian populations. Specific negative interactions by introduced brook trout have been imposed on the Chiricahua leopard frog (see Rana chiricahuensis in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata), Colombia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris), wood frog (Rana sylvatica), tailed frog (Ascaphus truel), cascade frog (see Rana cascadae in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla), Iberian frog (see Rana iberica in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile), long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum), boreal toad (see Bufo boreas in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), palmate newt (Triturus helveticus), alpine newt (Triturus alpestris), marbled newt (Triturus marmoratus), and endangered species mountain yellow-legged frog (see Rana muscosa in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Bosch et al. 2006; Bradford, 1998; Dunham, 2004; FishBase, 2001; Leary et al. 1993; Levin et al. 2002; Nakano et al. 1998; Reiman et al. 2006; Spens et al. 2007; Fuller, 2006; Jansson, 2008).\"