EICAT ASSESSMENT SHEET
EICAT ASSESSMENT SHEET
Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa
Capra hircus
CATEGORIA EICAT: MAJOR (MR) - ALTO
A herbivoria sobre espécies nativas afeta a regeneração e, indiretamente, tira a disponibilidade de alimentos para outras espécies.
IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION
Scientific name
Capra hircus
Autoria
Linnaeus, 1758
Nomes comuns
cabra
Data da avaliação
03/05/2021
Avaliação
Global, independente de unidade de conservação
Resultado
MAJOR (MR) - ALTO
NOMENCLATURA E CLASSIFICAÇÃO
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Artiodactyla
Family
Bovidae
Genus
Capra
PROVENIÊNCIA E REGISTRO
Pessoa responsável pela análise
Patricia Puechagut
Verificação
Não verificado
Verificado por
Não informado
Data da verificação
Não informada
Data de publicação
03/05/2021
Número da versão
1
Editor da versão atual
Não informado
RESUMO DA AVALIAÇÃO EICAT
Confiança EICAT
Média
Justificativa da confiança
The impact might be lower, if the native population(s) is/are not locally extinct (the way the native population(s) was/were monitored is not described).
Países/regiões de maior impacto
Brasil; Equador; Espanha; Fiji; Grécia; Israel; México; Nova Zelândia; Estados Unidos
Locais de maior impacto
Havaí, Galápagos, Ilha Guadalupe, Cycladic islands, ilhas Canárias, ilha Trindade.
Espécies impactadas
Brachylophus vitiensis (CR Global IUCN Red List)
SÍNTESE DOS IMPACTOS
A herbivoria sobre espécies nativas afeta a regeneração e, indiretamente, tira a disponibilidade de alimentos para outras espécies.
AVALIAÇÃO COMPLETA CONFORME O EICAT
As respostas, os mecanismos, as evidências e as referências abaixo preservam a estrutura da avaliação registrada no SIGEEI.
00. O táxon exótico causou impactos ambientais?
Resposta
Sim
Mecanismo(s)
Não informado
Evidência
Não informado
Referências
Não informado
01. O táxon exótico causou reduções no desempenho de indivíduos na biota nativa?
Resposta
Sim
Mecanismo(s)
(8) Pastoreio / Herbivoria / Alimentação
Evidência
Pastoreio / herbivoria / alimentação: We delineated 10 plots of 1000 m2, goats were introduced to five plots and five plots remained without goats [...] Species Crucinella macrostachya a Plantago crética had significant interactions betwe treatment and patch type (FU6 = 11.97, P = 0.0 for C. macrostachya and F1>16 = 4.96, P =■ 0. for P. crética). Both species showed a significa lower average frequency in browsed plots (0.2 and 0 for C. macrostachya and 0. 1 8 and 0.04 for P. crética , control and browsed plots, respectively) (Gabay et al, 2011).
The first steps in the restoration effort on the island were to inventory existing plant species and build a series of fences (exclosures) to exclude goats from sensitive areas. [...] Plant response inside the exclosures was rapid and positive. In January 2002, after only one growing season, 47 seedlings of the endemic pine had sprouted inside one of the exclosures built around nine adult pine trees. It is estimated there are 220 adult pine trees on the island (Rogers et al. 2003), so this one growing season produced a greater than 20% increase in the number of pines on the island (Keitt et al. 2005).
This study determined the intensity of bark stripping of mamane (Sophora chrysophylla), a small endemic leguminous tree, by these animals and assessed the impact of their browsing on the size class structure of mamane stands [...] At higher elevations the distributions indicated that sprout and seed ling regeneration have been suppressed, completely so near tree line. Sheep and goats were undoubtedly responsible. [...] In the present case, feral sheep and goats suppress mamane regeneration in some areas of the Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, thus altering the forest structure. Prolonged suppression could further endangering the Palila by reducing the size of the forest (Scowcroft et al., 1983).
Referências
Gabay, O., et al. \"Differential effects of goat browsing on herbaceous plant community in a twophase mosaic.\" Plant ecology 212.10 (2011): 16431653.
Keitt, Bradford, et al. \"The restoration of Guadalupe Island.\" Fremontia 33.4 (2005): 2025.
Scowcroft, Paul G., and Howard F. Sakai. \"Impact of feral herbivores on mamane forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii: bark stripping and diameter class structure.\" Journal of Range Management (1983): 495498.
Harlow, Peter S., and Pita N. Biciloa. \"Abundance of the Fijian crested iguana (Brachylophus vitiensis) on two islands.\" Biological Conservation 98.2 (2001): 223231.
Keitt, Bradford, et al. \"The restoration of Guadalupe Island.\" Fremontia 33.4 (2005): 2025.
Scowcroft, Paul G., and Howard F. Sakai. \"Impact of feral herbivores on mamane forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii: bark stripping and diameter class structure.\" Journal of Range Management (1983): 495498.
02. O táxon exótico causou declínio no tamanho da população de alguma espécie nativa?
Resposta
Sim
Mecanismo(s)
(1) Competição,(8) Pastoreio / Herbivoria / Alimentação,(11) Impacto estrutural no ecossistema
Evidência
Competição: The most likely causes for a decrease in fruit bat Pteropus mariannus abundance on Anatahan during the past decade involve mortality from chronic illegal hunting and declining food resources induced by goat and pig damage to the island's forests. Although the extent of hunting losses are unknown, human visitation to the island has expanded significantly since 1984 and has probably been accompanied by a commensurate increase in the take of bats. However, without simultaneous counts on the islands north of Anatahan, emigration cannot be excluded as an additional contributing factor in the population's apparent decline. (Worthington et al. 2001)
Pastoreio / herbivoria / alimentação: Data on vegetational changes on Pinta Island, Gal~ipagos, collected during the period 1970-1988, show that feral goats have had a destructive impact on the vegetation. Stands of Scalesia baurii ssp. hopkinsii (Asteraceae) and Opuntia galapageia var. galapageia (Cactaceae) were close to a complete collapse, while stands of Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae) apparently were able to persist for a longer time. After the elimination of large numbers of goats, Scalesia, Opuntia and Bursera were recovering rapidly, but the patterns of regeneration differed in accordance with differences in longevity, growth and seedling establishment. [...] . (Hamann, 1993)
To assess vegetation characteristics we established four 50 m transects, one in each cardinal direction. We measured the presence of vegetation along the entire length of each transect and averaged the values for a measure of percent vegetation cover. [...] Grazing status of an island significantly affects the estimated plant species density (p = 0.00676, F2,13 = 7.521, ANOVA). Islands with goats removed have significantly fewer species relative to both grazed and ungrazed islands; [...] Percent vegetation cover is significantly lower (p = 0.004, F2,13 = 8.438, ANOVA) in both grazed (25.96%) and goat-removed (38.56%) islands relative to the ungrazed sample. Plant biomass also decreases significantly (p = 0.00267, F2,13 = 9.679, ANOVA), with grazed islands experiencing a decline to an average of 66.4% of the baseline (Fig. 2c). Mean plant height (p = 0.013, F2,13 = 6.174, ANOVA) is on average 63.64% shorter on grazed islands and 64.85% shorter on goat-removed islands relative to ungrazed islands (Fig. 2d). [...] Plant species composition differed significantly among the islands of different grazing status (p = 0.005, R = 0.357, ANOSIM). [...] All of our study islands are uninhabited and ecologically similar to each other, with no other known introduced herbivores such as rabbits. (Gizicki et al. 2018)
The first steps in the restoration effort on the island were to inventory existing plant species and build a series of fences (exclosures) to exclude goats from sensitive areas. [...] We have also made exciting discoveries outside of the exclosures. [...] In June 2001 we found Calamintha (Satureja) palmeri in small patches around the north end of the island. This mint family member was first described in 1876 and had not been seen since 1885, leading Moran (1996) to consider it “undoubtedly extinct.” Also in June 2001 Nicotiana attenuata, a native species last seen in 1898 and considered extinct on the island, was found under the cypress trees at the high north end of the island and protected with a fenced exclosure. The striking “white sage,” Senecio palmeri, is a Guadalupe endemic that once covered large areas of the island but has not been seen on the island since 1974, and even then was known from only a few individuals in inaccessible cliff areas. (Keitt et al. 2005)
Impacto estrutural no ecossistema: Our surveys on Yadua Taba revealed population densities of 196 iguanas per hectare in forest habitat. On the smaller island of Monukiri, where crested iguana sightings were frequent in the early 1980s, the popualtion density estimate was nine iguanas per hectare for the largest stand of forest. The total population estimate for Yadua Taba is > 6000 iguanas, while for Monuriki it is < 100. Vegetation surveys of these islands suggest that the abundance of the herbivorous crested iguana reflects the relative abundance of food trees present, with 63% of forest trees on Yadua Taba being edible species, compared to only 2% on Monuriki. Although both islands are uninhabitated and have no introduced predators, Monuriki has been subjected to over three decades of intensive goat grazing and regular dry season burning. The combination of goats and fire may have reduced the survivorship and recruitment of iguana food tree species, several of which are known to be sensitive. Selective browsing by goats on the seedlings of palatable tree species on Monuriki has resulted in the competitive release of unpalatable species, inedible to both goats and crested iguana (Harlow et al. 2001)
Referências
Hamann, O. (1993). On vegetation recovery, goats and giant tortoises on Pinta Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Biodiversity & Conservation, 2(2), 138-151.
Gizicki, Z. S., Tamez, V., Galanopoulou, A. P., Avramidis, P., & Foufopoulos, J. (2018). Long-term effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on Mediterranean island communities: results from whole island manipulations. Biological Invasions, 20(6), 1537-1552.
Keitt, Bradford, et al. \"The restoration of Guadalupe Island.\" Fremontia 33.4 (2005): 2025.
Worthington, David J., et al. \"Abundance and management of Mariana fruit bats and feral ungulates on Anatahan, Mariana Islands.\" Pacific Conservation Biology 7.2 (2001): 134142.
Harlow, Peter S., and Pita N. Biciloa. \"Abundance of the Fijian crested iguana (Brachylophus vitiensis) on two islands.\" Biological Conservation 98.2 (2001): 223231.
03. O táxon exótico causou a extinção local de pelo menos uma população de alguma espécie nativa?
Resposta
Sim
Mecanismo(s)
(8) Pastoreio / Herbivoria / Alimentação
Evidência
Pastoreio / herbivoria / alimentação: Positive results of the goat eradication include the recovery of endemic plant populations. Plantago trinitatis was considered extinct until 1998, and began a slow recovery from the seed bank in the soil when the goat population began to decline. Peperomia beckeri, another endemic species known only from the type collection, was rediscovered in December 2009 and is now present as a few individuals. [...] [Table 2]
Referências
Alves, R. J., Silva, N. G. D., Aguirre-Muñoz, A., Veitch, C., Clout, M., & Towns, D. (2011). Return of endemic plant populations on Trindade Island, Brazil, with comments on the fauna. In Island invasives: eradication and management. Proceedings of the International Conference on Island Invasives. Gland, IUCN, Auckland (pp. 259-263).
04. A extinção local observada é reversível ou irreversível se o táxon exótico for removido?
Resposta
Reversível
Mecanismo(s)
(8) Pastoreio / Herbivoria / Alimentação
Evidência
Pastoreio / herbivoria / alimentação: Positive results of the goat eradication include the recovery of endemic plant populations. Plantago trinitatis was considered extinct until 1998, and began a slow recovery from the seed bank in the soil when the goat population began to decline. Peperomia beckeri, another endemic species known only from the type collection, was rediscovered in December 2009 and is now present as a few individuals. [...] [Table 2]
Referências
Alves, R. J., Silva, N. G. D., Aguirre-Muñoz, A., Veitch, C., Clout, M., & Towns, D. (2011). Return of endemic plant populations on Trindade Island, Brazil, with comments on the fauna. In Island invasives: eradication and management. Proceedings of the International Conference on Island Invasives. Gland, IUCN, Auckland (pp. 259-263).
INFORMAÇÕES ADICIONAIS DA AVALIAÇÃO
Vias de introdução/dispersão
Introduzidas deliberadamente para ciração.
Comentários e informações adicionais
Não há
Referências adicionais sobre impactos
Volery, L. et al. (2020) Ranking alien species based on their risks of causing environmental impacts: A global assessment of alien ungulates. Global Change Biology https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15467 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15467
Bases de dados consultadas
GISD,GRIIS,CABI Invasive Species Compendium,Base de dados Nacional (Instituto Hórus)
Comentários taxonômicos
Não informado
NOTAS DE INTERPRETAÇÃO PARA O SIGEEI
PRESENÇA NÃO É IMPACTO LOCAL
Esta ficha representa uma avaliação global da espécie. Ela não declara, por si só, que Capra hircus esteja estabelecida, invasora ou causando impacto em uma unidade de conservação específica. Essa distinção deve ser registrada separadamente pelos gestores e especialistas responsáveis pela unidade.
REFERÊNCIAS
- Volery, L. et al. (2020) Ranking alien species based on their risks of causing environmental impacts: A global assessment of alien ungulates. Global Change Biology https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15467 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15467
- Gabay, O., et al. \"Differential effects of goat browsing on herbaceous plant community in a twophase mosaic.\" Plant ecology 212.10 (2011): 16431653. Keitt, Bradford, et al. \"The restoration of Guadalupe Island.\" Fremontia 33.4 (2005): 2025. Scowcroft, Paul G., and Howard F. Sakai. \"Impact of feral herbivores on mamane forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii: bark stripping and diameter class structure.\" Journal of Range Management (1983): 495498. Harlow, Peter S., and Pita N. Biciloa. \"Abundance of the Fijian crested iguana (Brachylophus vitiensis) on two islands.\" Biological Conservation 98.2 (2001): 223231. Keitt, Bradford, et al. \"The restoration of Guadalupe Island.\" Fremontia 33.4 (2005): 2025. Scowcroft, Paul G., and Howard F. Sakai. \"Impact of feral herbivores on mamane forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii: bark stripping and diameter class structure.\" Journal of Range Management (1983): 495498.
- Hamann, O. (1993). On vegetation recovery, goats and giant tortoises on Pinta Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Biodiversity & Conservation, 2(2), 138-151. Gizicki, Z. S., Tamez, V., Galanopoulou, A. P., Avramidis, P., & Foufopoulos, J. (2018). Long-term effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on Mediterranean island communities: results from whole island manipulations. Biological Invasions, 20(6), 1537-1552. Keitt, Bradford, et al. \"The restoration of Guadalupe Island.\" Fremontia 33.4 (2005): 2025. Worthington, David J., et al. \"Abundance and management of Mariana fruit bats and feral ungulates on Anatahan, Mariana Islands.\" Pacific Conservation Biology 7.2 (2001): 134142. Harlow, Peter S., and Pita N. Biciloa. \"Abundance of the Fijian crested iguana (Brachylophus vitiensis) on two islands.\" Biological Conservation 98.2 (2001): 223231.
- Alves, R. J., Silva, N. G. D., Aguirre-Muñoz, A., Veitch, C., Clout, M., & Towns, D. (2011). Return of endemic plant populations on Trindade Island, Brazil, with comments on the fauna. In Island invasives: eradication and management. Proceedings of the International Conference on Island Invasives. Gland, IUCN, Auckland (pp. 259-263).