EICAT ASSESSMENT SHEET
EICAT ASSESSMENT SHEET
Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa
Cervus unicolor Kerr, 1792
CATEGORIA EICAT: MODERATE (MO) - MODERADO
Herbivoria sobre espécies nativas e dano físico direto em espécies arbóreas por esfregamento dos chifres.
IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION
Scientific name
Cervus unicolor Kerr, 1792
Autoria
(Kerr, 1792)
Nomes comuns
veado-sambar
Data da avaliação
03/05/2021
Avaliação
Global, independente de unidade de conservação
Resultado
MODERATE (MO) - MODERADO
NOMENCLATURA E CLASSIFICAÇÃO
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Artiodactyla
Family
Cervidae
Genus
Rusa
PROVENIÊNCIA E REGISTRO
Pessoa responsável pela análise
Rafael Dudeque Zenni
Verificação
Verificado
Verificado por
Não informado
Data da verificação
Não informada
Data de publicação
03/05/2021
Número da versão
2
Editor da versão atual
Rafael
RESUMO DA AVALIAÇÃO EICAT
Confiança EICAT
Média
Justificativa da confiança
Há artigos declarando o impacto com certeza, mas só há estudos na Austrália.
Países/regiões de maior impacto
Austrália
Locais de maior impacto
Ilha Victoria
Espécies impactadas
Nematolepis wilsonii (This species is listed as a threatened taxon in Victoria under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and as vulnerable under Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999)
SÍNTESE DOS IMPACTOS
Herbivoria sobre espécies nativas e dano físico direto em espécies arbóreas por esfregamento dos chifres.
AVALIAÇÃO COMPLETA CONFORME O EICAT
As respostas, os mecanismos, as evidências e as referências abaixo preservam a estrutura da avaliação registrada no SIGEEI.
00. O táxon exótico causou impactos ambientais?
Resposta
Sim
Mecanismo(s)
Não informado
Evidência
Não informado
Referências
Não informado
01. O táxon exótico causou reduções no desempenho de indivíduos na biota nativa?
Resposta
Sim
Mecanismo(s)
(8) Pastoreio / Herbivoria / Alimentação,(10) Impacto físico no ecossistema
Evidência
Bioincrustação: Surveys of 49 Warm Temperate Rainforest gullies in East Gippsland identifi ed discrete populations of Yellowwood Acronychia oblongifolia in 34 gullies. Antler rubbing of Yellow-wood by Sambar Cervus unicolor was obvious and widespread in all 34 gullies. Eight gullies were randomly selected to assess the extent of antler rubbing to 100 Yellow-wood plants in each gully (50 plants close to two randomly generated locations). Across all eight gullies an average of 64.6% (± 17.7 sd; range 36-92%) of Yellow-wood individuals were antler rubbed, with 51.0% (± 17.8 sd; range 18-80%) subjected to severe rubbing (>50% ringbarking), with mortality recorded at 30.3% (± 14.0 sd; range 6-52%). Yellow-wood with stems in the range 30–150 mm diameter at breast height (DBH) were subjected to the highest rates of antler rubbing (73–81%), with smaller stems (10–16 mm DBH) suff ering the highest rates of mortality. Sambar represent a major threat to the long-term persistence of Yellowwood and rainforest communities in East Gippsland. [...] Despite the high levels of mortality that are occurring, Yellow-wood trees often re-sprout from stems below antler rubs and/or sucker from roots. Yellow-wood therefore has the potential to persist in areas subjected to high levels of adult stem mortality; however, the regeneration is often subjected to antler rubbing once it reaches suitable size (Fig. 4), so the plant has a limited capacity to reach maturity. Therefore, the short-term ability for Yellow-wood to persist at sites with continued antler rubbing is high, but the long-term survival of Yellowwood is in doubt given that its primary regenerative mechanism for the renewal of the stand and individual is dramatically affected (Bilney, 2013).
Four paired-plot exclosures (10 x 10 m) (Figure 3.3) were constructed in October 2006 and March 2007 for this study. Each pair or ‘unit’ consisted of a fenced and an open plot […] The health assessment was an estimation of relative percentage foliage cover present on the individual, visually estimated in comparison to an individual of optimum health (100%), illustrated by Lorimer and Lorimer (2005). [...] Sambar significantly decreased relative foliage cover of shiny nematolepis (Nematolepis wilsonii), a threatened understorey tree, through their antler rubbing activities. Thrashing of shiny nematolepis saplings also significantly decreased relative foliage cover, with sambar selecting saplings with a larger stem diameter from those available. Rubbed trees and thrashed saplings experienced damage to, on average, over half the stem circumference. [...] Sambar rubbing activities, likely to be caused over several years of repeated rubbing, may ringbark shiny nematolepis individuals and cause death, which was noted as the apparent cause of death for several individuals in 2005 (Lorimer and Lorimer 2005) and for seven dead individuals in this study, which all had 100% of circumference rubbed. [...] Storm damage at the site demonstrated that a single natural event can kill numerous trees. [...] Selective exclosures effectively differentiated the offtake of forage by sambar from that of native herbivores. […] Native herbivores reduced branch volume by 38.4%, while sambar reduced branch volume a further 41.4%. [...] This study indicates that the presence of damage by both cockatoos and sambar each independently increased the susceptibility of mature trees to death by storm damage.
Pastoreio / herbivoria / alimentação: Sambar damage was noted in 74 sites (guilies, crceks and coastal arcas) visited by the authors between 2002-2005 in East Gippsland, Victoria. […] When damage to a certain individual plant was identified as being caused by Sambar, the species and particular type or damage, including the extent and severity were noted, along with the plant community in which it was growing. [...] The most severe and obvious impacts of Sambar are related to browsing. causing death or reducing the litness of individual plants. This is usually done by removing stems, shoots and leaves (see Fig. 1 ), which reduces the plant's growth rate, resulting in shorter plants that remain reachable to Sambar for longer periods, eventually leading to understorey stunning and elimination. Reproductive output of certain species can also be reduced due to consumption of flowers, fruits, seeds and seedlings (e.g. Yellow Milk Vine Marsdenia flavescens, Prickly Currant-bush Coprosma quadrifida and Muttonwood Rapanea howittiana). [See Table 2] (Peel et al., 2005)
Referências
Peel, B., Bilney, R. J., & Bilney, R. J. (2005). Observations of the ecological impacts of Sambar Cervus unicolor in East Gippsland, Victoria, with reference to destruction of rainforest communities. The Victorian Naturalist, 122(4), 189-200.
Bilney, R. J. (2013). Antler rubbing of yellow-wood by Sambar in East Gippsland, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist, The, 130(2), 68.
02. O táxon exótico causou declínio no tamanho da população de alguma espécie nativa?
Resposta
Sim
Mecanismo(s)
(8) Pastoreio / Herbivoria / Alimentação
Evidência
Pastoreio / herbivoria / alimentação: Through the use of selective exclosures, this study aimed to investigate the browsing impacts of sambar on forest understoreys in the Upper Yarra catchment, Yarra Ranges National Park. [...] This study was conducted in four forest types [Shrubby Foothill Forest, Damp Forest, Wet Forest and Riparian Forest] that occur throughout the park and were selected to investigate the impacts of sambar on forest understoreys because they are located adjacent to The Flats, where there is a high sambar density (Chapter 2). [...] A total of 41 exclusion units (123 plots) were established between October and December 2005: 35 were located in the Upper Yarra catchment and six in the O’Shannassy catchment. [...] Privet mock-olive (Notelea ligustrina) and Victorian Christmas bush (Prostanthera lasianthos) were found only in exclusion units located in areas of low sambar density and were highly browsed.
Referências
Bennett, A. (2009). The impacts of sambar (Cervus unicolor) in the Yarra Ranges National Park. Chapter 5: The impacts of sambar on forest understoreys. University of Melbourne, Department of Zoology & Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science.
03. O táxon exótico causou a extinção local de pelo menos uma população de alguma espécie nativa?
Resposta
Não
Mecanismo(s)
Não informado
Evidência
Não informado
Referências
Não informado
04. A extinção local observada é reversível ou irreversível se o táxon exótico for removido?
Resposta
Nenhuma extinção registrada
Mecanismo(s)
Não informado
Evidência
Não informado
Referências
Não informado
INFORMAÇÕES ADICIONAIS DA AVALIAÇÃO
Vias de introdução/dispersão
Introduzido deliberadamente
Comentários e informações adicionais
Não há
Referências adicionais sobre impactos
Volery, L. et al. (2020) Ranking alien species based on their risks of causing environmental impacts: A global assessment of alien ungulates. Global Change Biology https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15467 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15467
Bases de dados consultadas
Lista vermelha da IUCN,GISD,GRIIS,Base de dados Nacional (Instituto Hórus)
Comentários taxonômicos
Sinônimo de Rusa unicolor
NOTAS DE INTERPRETAÇÃO PARA O SIGEEI
PRESENÇA NÃO É IMPACTO LOCAL
Esta ficha representa uma avaliação global da espécie. Ela não declara, por si só, que Cervus unicolor Kerr, 1792 esteja estabelecida, invasora ou causando impacto em uma unidade de conservação específica. Essa distinção deve ser registrada separadamente pelos gestores e especialistas responsáveis pela unidade.
REFERÊNCIAS
- Volery, L. et al. (2020) Ranking alien species based on their risks of causing environmental impacts: A global assessment of alien ungulates. Global Change Biology https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15467 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15467
- Peel, B., Bilney, R. J., & Bilney, R. J. (2005). Observations of the ecological impacts of Sambar Cervus unicolor in East Gippsland, Victoria, with reference to destruction of rainforest communities. The Victorian Naturalist, 122(4), 189-200. Bilney, R. J. (2013). Antler rubbing of yellow-wood by Sambar in East Gippsland, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist, The, 130(2), 68.
- Bennett, A. (2009). The impacts of sambar (Cervus unicolor) in the Yarra Ranges National Park. Chapter 5: The impacts of sambar on forest understoreys. University of Melbourne, Department of Zoology & Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science.